[15]Historians require more than 1,000 deaths a year to call such internal conflict a civil war.
[16]Notably after the Napoleonic Wars (when the then-new world order was established at the Congress of Vienna
in 1815), Western Europe and particularly the UK by and large experienced 100 years of peace and prosperity and
great wealth creation until World War I developed in 1914, which was followed by a very painful and turbulent 30
years.
[17]In some nondemocratic countries, capitalists were also killed.
[18]The Roman Republic and Athens both had democratic elements, but not everyone was able to participate or
vote equally. Although democracies have existed for thousands of years, it is only recently that most people were
allowed to vote. For example, in the US African American men were not universally allowed to vote until 1870,
and women of all races until 1920.
[19]Note: shade of coloring indicates degree of polarization.
[20]Though it is unlikely that a third party of moderates could elect a president or large numbers of senators or
representatives soon, it wouldn’t take much to elect the few whose votes would be needed by the opposing parties
to get what they want passed, which would give these moderates great power. It also, with time, would give
moderate voters and moderate politicians a party to go to that could better reflect their desired positions, which
could negate some of the pull to the extremes.
[21]Aristotle, Politics, IV.11 (translated by Stephen Everson)
[22]Japan in 1988-90, the US in 1929, the US in 2006-07, Brazil and most other Latin American commodity
producers in 1977-79 are classic examples.
[23]https://www.britannica.com/topic/Golden-House-of-Nero
[24]https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIV-king-of-France
[25]https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wanli
[26]Note: a couple cities have a positive net worth (liquid assets in excess of liabilities), appearing as negative on
the charts. Analysis based on data from a variety of US government organizations and Truth in Accounting’s
January 2020 report: Financial State of the Cities.
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